Puerto Rico
Boricua Spanish exhibits pervasive consonant weakening — intervocalic and final 'd' disappears entirely ('toda' → 'toa', 'nada' → 'naa'), final 's' aspirates to an 'h' or drops ('estamos' → 'ehtamo'), and 'r' in syllable-final position can lateralize to sound like 'l' or take on a uvular quality. Vowels remain open and clear, which distinguishes Puerto Rican Spanish from dialects where vowel reduction accompanies consonant loss. The dialect also reflects West African phonological heritage from the island's history, alongside Taíno substrate influence on vocabulary.